As an important branch of 3D printing, 3D bioprinting showed great petential in the field of health care. Printing materials are currently the research hotspots in this field, and they are also the key factors for the further development and application of 3D bioprinting. Materials currently used in the field of 3D bioprinting are predominantly based on either synthetic molecules or naturally derived polymers. In view of this, this paper introduced the technology and principles in 3D bioprinting firstly, and then described the application of 3D bioprinting in the field of health care. Meanwhile, the requirements on bioprinting materials were reviewed, and the recent progress of typical synthetic polymers and natural polymers used in 3D bioprinting was introduced in detail. Finally, the future development trend and research direction of polymer materials in 3D bioprinting were proposed.