Lighting and display technology based on laser diodes have found many applications in automobile lamp, deep sea lighting, endoscope and laser television for the advantages of finely focused laser beam, good collimation and no “efficiency drop” under high power. In this paper, the typical research progress of phosphor materials for laser lighting and display is reviewed. Firstly, the structure of lighting and display devices based on laser diodes and the material design and optimization strategies based on phosphor materials luminescence saturation and light extraction efficiency improvement are introduced. The preparation and comprehensive performance comparison of device application of phosphor single crystal, phosphor ceramics, phosphor in glasses, phosphor films and other materials are emphasized. Finally, combined with the research foundation of our team in the field of luminescent materials and devices, the future research direction of related fields is proposed.