Recently, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, termed as MXene, with a common formula of Mn+1XnTx, have attracted great interest, showing remarkable potential in different research fields. The unique sheet-like structure gifted with specific physical properties including electronic, optical, magnetic and mechanical properties as well as biological characteristics endow MXene a promising medical material for various materdicine applications. In this review, the current state-of-the-art progress of MXene-related medical materials are briefly introduced, especially focusing on the fabrication methods, design strategies, physicochemical properties, biological effects, and particularly the property-activity-effect relationship of MXene at the nano-bio interface. Furthermore, the elaborated MXene for diverse materdicine applications, such as biosensors, antibacteria, bio-imaging, therapeutics, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, are illustrated in detail. Finally, we discuss the current challenge and opportunities for future development of MXene-based medical materials, aiming to promote their practical applications.