Hydrogels are a kind of advanced materials with physical and chemical properties close to soft tissues. Many polymers have been used in the preparation of hydrogels. Silk fibroin has been widely used in biomedical application due to excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and facility to fabricate into different types of materials. Hydrogel is an important form for silk fibroin in biomedical application and can be constructed by different approaches. Recently, the photocrosslinkable hydrogels have attracted enormous attention due to the impressive advantages such as mild preparation conditions, less by-product and excellent controllability. In this review, firstly, we present the molecular structure and characteristics of silk fibroin. Subsequently, the preparation methods of silk fibroin hydrogels are summarized. Furthermore, the preparation strategies of photocrosslinkable silk fibroin hydrogels are emphatically reviewed, and their applications in the biomedical field are discussed. Finally, the future research of the photocrosslinkable silk fibroin hydrogels is prospected.