Transitional metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides (MXenes) are novel types of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Owing to their outstanding physicochemical properties such as optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal properties, MXenes have been widely applied in the fields of energy reserves, environmental monitoring, and catalysis. Utilizing their large specific surface area, high NIR absorbance, and substitutable components ability, MXenes also have been rapidly used in biomedicine applications. This review summarizes the recent progress of MXenes used in biomedicine, including the method of synthesis, surface modification, biomedicine applications (bio-detection, imaging, cancer treatment), as well as biosafety evaluation of MXenes, and discusses the future perspectives of applying these novel two-dimensional nanomaterials in biomedicine.