软体材料研究现状及进展-中国材料进展

文章信息/Info

Author(s):: SUN Jianyu; WANG Yongquan; ZHU Botao; ZHU Liangquan; School of Mechanical Engineering，Xi’an Jiaotong University，Xi’an 710049，China

Keywords:: soft materials; polyurethanes; hydrogels; electroactive polymers; shape memory polymers

摘要:: 软体材料（杨氏模量通常在104~109 Pa之间）普遍具有弱影响引发强响应的基本特征。软体材料的范围十分广泛，有以橡胶、液晶等为代表的业已高度产业化应用的传统软体材料，也有以智能凝胶、电活性聚合物、形状记忆聚合物等为代表的智能软体材料。后者独特的刺激敏感特性使其在软体机器人、软体电子、生物医疗、航空航天等领域拥有广阔应用前景。本文面向工程科技前沿，首先介绍了可降解聚氨酯、水凝胶等的材料特性、制备工艺及其在生物医疗领域（如药物定向释放和组织工程）的应用，随后重点对以离子聚合物-金属复合材料（IPMC）和介电弹性体（DE）为代表的电活性聚合物（EAP），以及形状记忆聚合物（SMP）的基本特性与研究进展进行了梳理和介绍和。最后分析了软体材料产业化应用所面临的问题，展望了智能软体材料与增材制造技术相结合的4D打印技术的发展趋势。

Abstract:: Soft materials, whose Young’s modulus typically scatters between 104 and 109 Pa, have the basic characteristic that they may strongly respond to weak stimuli. The range of soft materials is so wide: not only those traditional soft materials such as rubber and liquid crystal which have been highly industrialized, but smart soft materials represented by smart gel, EAP (electroactive polymers) and SMP (shape memory polymers), etc. The special stimuli-response properties make the latter ones have broad application prospects in many significant fields, e.g., soft robotics, soft electronics, biomedical engineering, and aerospace. Focusing on the frontiers of engineering technology, this paper firstly gives brief introductions about the material properties and preparation processes of the two kinds of traditional materials, i.e., biodegradable polyurethanes and hydrogels, with emphasis on their applications in biomedicines such as targeted drug release and tissue engineering. Then, the EAPs, represented by Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) and Dielectric Elastomers (DE), as well as SMPs, are highlighted by the presentation and analysis for their basic characteristics and state-of-the-art applications. Finally, the problems faced in engineering applications of soft materials are analyzed, and the trend of 4D printing technology combining soft materials with additive manufacturing is prospected.