Nowadays, individual nanomaterial devices have been widely applied in many fields, such as applied physics and electrochemistry. The individual nanomaterial devices based principleresearches play special roles in probing the reaction principle and mechanism of optimization, especially in the field of energy storage and conversion. In this paper, the authors introduce the fabrication process and the application of individual nanomaterial devices firstly. Afterwards, the authors concentrate on the energy storage and conversion as well as introduce recent corresponding work. In the field of the energy storage, three parts are presented, including researches on the reaction principle, the mechanism of optimization and the in situ observation. In the field of the energy conversion, the solar cell device, thermoselectric device and hydrogen evolution device are introduced. At last, a brief analysis of the present situation and the development direction of individual nanomaterial device are presented.