软物质材料用于文化遗产的保护-中国材料进展

文章信息/Info

Title:: The Application of Soft Matter in the Protection of Cultural Heritage

Author(s):: HE Ling; LIANG Junyan; WANG Na; QU Jia; (Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China)

摘要:: 近年来，聚合物（Polymers）、微乳液（Microemulsion）、胶束（Micelles）、凝胶（Gels）和无机纳米胶体粒子（Inorganic Colloidal Nanoparticles）等被称为软物质（Soft Matter）的材料广泛应用于文化遗产保护的领域，之所以被称为软物质，是相对于人类最初使用的硬物质(Hard Matter)材料（如构成文物的砖石、土、陶、彩绘、玻璃、金属、骨质等）而言。随着材料科学的飞速进展，软物质因在砖石、土、陶、彩绘、玻璃、金属、骨质等各类硬物质构成的文化遗产的保护与加固或修复方面取得了良好的保护效果而受到关注。作为保护材料应用的软物质，其应用的安全性、有效性和持久性是实现文化遗产科学保护的前提，而系统、合理、客观的评价方法可使其有效地避免“保护性破坏”的发生。就目前文化遗产保护中涉及的主要软物质的特性、发展前景，以及软物质在吸水性、水蒸气渗透性、表面性能、力学性能、渗透性及耐老化性能等方面的评价方法进行了介绍。同时，受软物质和纳米材料特殊理化性质的启发，还对软物质材料用于壁画的清洗和加固保护方面所取得的重要进展进行了介绍。

Abstract:: The soft matter materials used in the conservation of cultural relics can be classed as the synthetic polymers, microemulsion, micelles, gels and inorganic colloidal nanoparticles. As protective materials, the soft matter should ensure maximum security, efficiency and durability. Meanwhile, the unexpected damage to cultural heritage should be avoided as much as possible by systematic, rational, objective methods for performance evaluation. This paper summarized the characteristic and application prospect for the soft matter of polymers, microemulsions, micelles and colloidal particles which are widely used for the protection, restoration and consolidation. Moreover, the evaluation methods for protective performance are also presented in terms of the water absorption, water vapor permeability, surface properties, mechanical properties, penetration and age resistance. Meanwhile, inspired by the special physical and chemical properties of soft matter and nanomaterials, a new challenge for soft matter used as the cleaning and consilidate materials of patinings is discussed.